Declarations of interest: None. From the *; t; ; ?; and the ?. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Yeptain Leung, MSLP, BMedSc, . E-mail: 18347106@students. latrobe.edu.au

Abstract

AIMS: The primary aim of this study was to provide normative formant frequency (F) values for male and female speakers of Australian English. The secondary aim was to examine the effects of speaker sex, age, vowel quality, and geographical location on F. METHOD: The first three monophthong formant frequencies (F1, F2, and F3) for 244 female and 135 male speakers aged 18-60 years from a recent large-scale corpus of Australian English were analysed on a passage reading task. RESULTS: Mixed effects linear regression models suggested that speaker sex, speaker age, and vowel quality significantly predicted F1, F2, and F3 (P = 0.000). Effect sizes suggested that speaker sex and vowel quality contr..